Re: [ba-unrev-talk] A caveat about democracy ...incl. legal systemcorrupted almost beyond recognition
Henry, (01)
Thanks for reminding us about the overall importance of Doug's life-long
concerns: a) augmenting the human intellect, b) improving critical
thinking, and c) solving urgent complex problems that's impacting humanity. (02)
E.g.
Below are two directly related and though-provoking references caveats
about democracy which further delineate these problems requiring
collective intelligence, collaboration, and challenges at
a Societal-scale similar to the type of work undertaken by
UnansweredQuestions.org, including pointers to internet links
<http://www.unansweredquestions.org/top_11.html> concerning a collective
public 9/11 inquiry about the relationships among capitalism, militarism
and politics. (03)
1) The American legal system has been corrupted almost beyond
recognition, and
2) Fiction of Law (04)
In addition, the following four books recommended by Judge Edith Jones
of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, as presented to the
Federalist Society of Harvard Law School on February 28. (05)
Philip Howard: (06)
* The Death of Common Sense
* The Collapse of the Common Good, and
* The Lost Art of Drawing the Line. (07)
Michael Novak: (08)
* On Two Wings: Humble Faith and Common Sense. (09)
1) The American legal system has been corrupted almost beyond
recognition. (010)
* The first threat to the rule of law, the judge quoted George
Washington who asked in his Farewell Address, "Where is the
security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of
religious obligation desert the oaths … in courts of justice?" (011)
Similarly, asked Jones, how can a system founded on law survive if
the administrators of the law daily display their contempt for it? (012)
* The second threat to the rule of law comes from government, which
is encumbered with agencies that have made the law so complicated
that it is difficult to decipher and often contradicts itself. (013)
* The third and most comprehensive threat to the rule of law arises
from contemporary legal philosophy. (014)
American Legal System Is Corrupt Beyond Recognition, Judge Tells Harvard
Law School
<http://www.massnews.com/2003_Editions/3_March/030703_mn_american_legal_system_corrupt.shtml> (015)
"The American legal system has been corrupted almost beyond
recognition, Judge Edith Jones of the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Fifth Circuit, told the Federalist Society of Harvard Law
School on February 28. (016)
She said that the question of what is morally right is routinely
sacrificed to what is politically expedient. The change has come
because legal philosophy has descended to nihilism." ... (017)
[ ...] "She said that the business about all of the Founding
Fathers being deists is "just wrong," or "way overblown." She
says they believed in "faith and reason," and this did not lead
to intolerance. (018)
"This is not a prescription for intolerance or narrow
sectarianism," she continued, "for unalienable rights were given
by God to all our fellow citizens. Having lost sight of the
moral and religious foundations of the rule of law, we are
vulnerable to the destruction of our freedom, our equality
before the law and our self-respect. It is my fervent hope that
this new century will experience a revival of the original
understanding of the rule of law and its roots. (019)
"The answer is a recovery of moral principle, the sine qua non
of an orderly society. Post 9/11, many events have been
clarified. It is hard to remain a moral relativist when your own
people are being killed." (020)
According to the judge, the first contemporary threat to the
rule of law comes from within the legal system itself. (021)
Alexis de Tocqueville, author of Democracy in America and one of
the first writers to observe the United States from the outside
looking-in, "described lawyers as a natural aristocracy in
America," Jones told the students. "The intellectual basis of
their profession and the study of law based on venerable
precedents bred in them habits of order and a taste for
formalities and predictability." As Tocqueville saw it, "These
qualities enabled attorneys to stand apart from the passions of
the majority. Lawyers were respected by the citizens and able to
guide them and moderate the public's whims. Lawyers were
essential to tempering the potential tyranny of the majority. (022)
"The legal aristocracy have shed their professional independence
for the temptations and materialism associated with becoming
businessmen. Because law has become a self-avowed business,
pressure mounts to give clients the advice they want to hear, to
pander to the clients' goal through deft manipulation of the
law. … While the business mentality produces certain benefits,
like occasional competition to charge clients lower fees, other
adverse effects include advertising and shameless
self-promotion. The legal system has also been wounded by
lawyers who themselves no longer respect the rule of law," (023)
2) There is also a second matter: Fiction of Law. (024)
E.g. Who is a citizen or resident of the United States? (025)
There are three classes: (1) There is the citizen of one of the several
States who is rhetorically a citizen of the United States but isn't
technically a citizen of the United States, (2) there is the special
class of citizen of the United States created by the Fourteenth
Amendment, and (3) there is the citizen of the geographical United
States who doesn't fall within the constitutional scheme. For example,
in 1917 Congress bestowed blanket citizenship on Puerto Ricans, in 1927
Congress bestowed blanket citizenship on Virgin Islands natives, etc.
Citizens of insular possessions cannot vote in presidential elections
and do not have voting representation in Congress. Whatever their
status, it lies outside the Constitution. (026)
This is the fine line between Acts of Congress applicable in territories
and possessions of the United States and laws of the United States
applicable in States of the Union. The former are "nonconstitutional" in
nature where the latter are promulgated within constitutionally
enumerated powers. (027)
With those qualifications in mind, I believe the following discourse by
the "Informer" has considerable merit, particularly with respect to
explaining duplicity common in virtually all state and federal courts. (028)
FICTION OF LAW (029)
Well People, It's about time to wake up and smell the coffee. What I am
about to give you is nothing but the truth from the courts and laws of
the United States. When you know what to look for you will find it in
the oddest places. Places that the ordinary man would not expect to find
it. Every one talks about government being a corporation as cited in 28
USC 3002 (15). Every one complains when taken to court where is the
contract. All people argue these contracts, whether implied, adhesion or
what ever. So there is a lot in common with all the arguments. Of course
when you go into court you most always lose even when bringing in the
law, regulations and court cases that you feel supports your position. (030)
For years now I have been trying to make people understand that
citizenship, of what ever government nature, is what sucks you into
being a taxpayer, or requiring you to get whatever license is needed to
survive and being controlled by government (corporation). How the
government operates is by Fiction of Law. A fiction of law is stated
from Lectric Law Library on the net as follows: (031)
The assumption that a certain thing is true, and which gives to a person
or thing a quality which is not natural to it, and consequently
establishes, a certain disposition, which, without the fiction, would be
repugnant to reason and to truth. It is an order of things which does
not exist, but which the law prescribes or authorizes. It differs from
presumption because it establishes as true, something which is false;
whereas presumption supplies the proof of something true. (032)
The law never feigns what is impossible. Fiction is like art; it
imitates nature, but never disfigures it. It aids truth, but it ought
never to destroy it. It may well suppose that what was possible, but
which does not exist; but it will never feign that what was impossible
actually is. (033)
Fictions were invented by the Roman praetors who, not possessing the
power to abrogate the law, were nevertheless willing to derogate from it
under the pretense of doing equity. Fiction is the resource of weakness
which, in order to obtain its object, assumes as a fact what is known to
be contrary to truth: when the legislator desires to accomplish his
object, he need not feign, he commands. Fictions of law owe their origin
to the legislative usurpations of the bench. (034)
It is said that every fiction must be framed according to the rules of
law, and that every legal fiction must have equity for its object. To
prevent their evil effects, they are not allowed to be carried further
than the reasons which introduced them necessarily require. (035)
The law abounds in fictions. That an estate is in abeyance; the doctrine
of remitter, by which a party who has been disseised of his freehold and
afterwards acquires a defective title, is remitted to his former good
title; that one thing done today, is considered as done at a preceding
time by the doctrine of relation; that because one thing is proved,
another shall be presumed to be true, which is the case in all
presumptions; that the heir, executor, and administrator stand by
representation in the place of the deceased are all fictions of law.
"Our various introduction of John Doe and Richard Roe; our solemn
process upon disseisin by Hugh Hunt; our casually losing and finding a
ship (which never was in Europe) in the parish of St. Mary Le Bow, in
the ward of Cheap; our trying the validity of a will by an imaginary
wager of five pounds; our imagining and compassing the king's death, by
giving information which may defeat an attack upon an enemy's settlement
in the antipodes; our charge of picking a pocket or forging a bill with
force and arms; of neglecting to repair a bridge, against the peace of
the king, his crown and dignity are circumstances, which, looked at by
themselves, would convey an impression of no very favorable nature, with
respect to the wisdom of our jurisprudence." (036)
Now notice that Assumption is the word used to describe how fiction
operates. The word presumption is the opposite, see opening paragraph
for this sentence "It differs from presumption because it establishes as
true, something which is false; whereas presumption supplies the proof
of something true."
Now lets use this material from Black's 3rd Edition Law book and a
case to wit: (037)
Fiction. Derived from Fictio in Roman Law, a fiction is defined as a
false averment on the part of the Plaintiff which the defendant is not
allowed to traverse, the object being to give the court jurisdiction.
Black's Law Dictionary 3rd Ed. (1969) Pg. 468; In the case of "Willful
failure to File," the Plaintiff and court invents the "fiction" that
defendant is a "taxpayer", A.K.A. "Person." Motions and briefs which
rely on precepts of law will thereafter be denied or found frivolous.
This point was made clear in Roberts v. Commissioner, 176 F 2d 221, 225
(9 C.A., 1949) (038)
Now you know why all your arguments are frivolous. You are a fiction and
fictions have no constitutional protection from encroachment on your
unalienable rights. What is this fiction that you are? This is a list of
words or phrases that describe a fiction, remembering "fiction" is
artificial in character, PERSON, RESIDENT, U.S. CITIZEN, STATE CITIZEN,
and INDIVIDUAL. (039)
I am using the full case as it is so important, not only for the fact
that I am writing on Fiction of Law, but other parameters that I have
written long ago and that people pooh-poohed it as ridiculous as it
dealt with admiralty. I had showed where both revenue and driving was
maritime in nature and almost everyone said I was way off base even
though I had shown, through Benedict on Admiralty, that licensing and
registering your car was in the nature of maritime. So all revenue
situations, Income tax and Driving are in the admiralty jurisdiction
because of the maritime nature. That is why the courts will not tell you
the nature is maritime and the cause is that you have violated your
promise to perform under fiction of law. Now you are going to say, oh no
the Informer is going off the deep end again. Well hear these cases out
and the Fiction of Law premise. Take off the blinders you have had on so
long and use the brain that the Lord gave you. The Lord did say that not
all that have eyes to see will see and, therefore, if you do not see you
will forever be doomed to the existence you have. I am going to bold, in
the case, to show how maritime is used whenever you carry passengers for
hire, be it boat, plane, wagon, scooter, rickshaw or car. Do not lose
sight of the fact that you are a fiction and have contracted with
government when reading this case. Oh by the way go to Find Law and
search for Fiction of Law and have a good time reading. (040)
U.S. Supreme Court
ARCHAWSKI v. HANIOTI, 350 U.S. 532 (1956)
350 U.S. 532
ARCHAWSKI ET AL. v. HANIOTI.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
SECOND CIRCUIT.
No. 351.
Argued March 5, 1956.
Decided April 9, 1956. (041)
A libel in admiralty alleged that petitioners paid moneys to respondent
for transportation to Europe on respondent's vessel, and that respondent
breached the contract by abandonment of the voyage. The libel further
alleged that respondent wrongfully appropriated the passage money to his
own use and committed other fraudulent acts. Held: The cause of action
alleged
was within the admiralty jurisdiction of the Federal District Court. Pp.
532-536. (042)
(a) The essential character of the libel as a claim for breach of a
maritime contract was not altered by the allegations of
wrongfulness and fraud. Pp. 534-535. (043)
(b) So long as the claim asserted arises out of a maritime contract,
the admiralty court has jurisdiction over it. P. 535. (044)
(c)Admiralty has jurisdiction even where a libel reads like
indebitatus assumpsit at common law, provided that the unjust enrichment
arose out of the breach of a maritime contract. Pp. 535-536. (045)
223 F.2d 406, reversed and remanded. (046)
Harry D. Graham argued the cause and filed a brief for petitioners. (047)
Israel Convisser argued the cause and filed a brief for respondent. (048)
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court. (049)
The sole question in the case is whether the cause of action alleged
comes within the admiralty jurisdiction of the District Court. The
District Court held that this was an action on a maritime contract,
within the admiralty jurisdiction, 129 F. Supp. 410. The Court of
Appeals reversed, holding that the suit was in the nature of the [350
U.S. 532, 533] old common law indebitatus assumpsit for money had and
received, based upon the wrongful withholding of money. 223 (050)
F.2d 406. The case is here on a petition for certiorari which we
granted, 350 U.S. 872, because of the seeming conflict of that ruling
with Krauss Bros. Co. v. Dimon S. S. Corp., 290 U.S. 117, 124.1 (051)
The libel alleges that respondent, doing business in his own and in
various trade names, owned and controlled a passenger vessel, known as
the City of Athens, and held out that vessel as a common carrier of
passengers for hire, and that petitioners paid moneys for passage upon
the vessel, scheduled for July 15, 1947, to Europe. A contract for the
transportation of passengers is a maritime contract within admiralty
jurisdiction.2 The Moses Taylor, 4 Wall. 411. The allegations so far
mentioned are plainly sufficient to establish such a contract. The libel
goes on to allege a breach of that contract through an abandonment of
the voyage. If this were all, it would be plain that petitioners stated
a claim for breach of a maritime contract. But the libel further alleges
that the sums paid by petitioners as passage money were "wrongfully and
deliberately" applied by respondent to his own use and benefit "in
reckless disregard of his obligations to refund [350 U.S. 532, 534] the
same" and that respondent "has secreted himself away and manipulated his
assets . . . for the purpose of defrauding" petitioners. Then follow
allegations of certain fraudulent acts and transactions. (052)
The allegations of wrongfulness and fraud do not alter the essential
character of the libel. For the ancient admiralty teaching is that, "The
rules of pleading in the admiralty are exceedingly simple and free from
technical requirements." Dupont de Nemours & Co. v. Vance, 19 How. 162,
171-172. And see 2 Benedict, American Admiralty (6th ed. 1940), 223,
237. Though these particular allegations of the libel sound in fraud or
in the wrongful withholding of moneys, it is plain in the context that
the obligation to pay the moneys arose because of a breach of the
contract to transport passengers. Lawyers speak of the obligation in
terms of indebitatus assumpsit, a concept whose tortuous development
gave expression to "the ethical character of the law." See Ames. The
History of Assumpsit, 2 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 53, 58 (1888). As Mr. Justice
Holmes once put it, "An obligation to pay money generally is enforced by
an action of assumpsit and to that extent is referred to a contract even
though it be one existing only by fiction of law." Thomas v.
Matthiessen, 232 U.S. 221, 235. (053)
I HAVE INCLUDED A PORTION OF THIS CASE AFTER THIS ONE,
THE INFORMER. (054)
The fiction sometimes distorted the law. A line of authorities emerged
to the effect that admiralty had no jurisdiction to grant relief in such
cases "because the implied promise to repay the moneys which cannot in
good conscience be retained - necessary to support the action for money
had and received - is not a maritime contract."3 United Transp. & L. Co.
v. New York
& B. T. Line, 185 F. 386, 391. Yet that duty to pay is often referable,
[350 U.S. 532, 535] as here, to the breach of a maritime contract. As
Mr. Justice Stone said in Krauss Bros. Co. v. Dimon S. S. Corp., supra,
at 124: (055)
". . . Even under the common law form of action for money had and
received there could be no recovery without proof of the breach of the
contract involved in demanding the payment, and the basis of recovery
there, as in admiralty, is the violation of some term of the contract of
affreightment, whether by failure to carry or by exaction of freight
which the contract did not authorize." (056)
The truth is that in a case such as the present one there is neither an
actual promise to repay the passage moneys nor a second contract. The
problem is to prevent unjust enrichment from a maritime contract. See
Morrison, The Remedial Powers of the Admiralty, 43 Yale L. J. 1. 27
(1933). A court that prevents a maritime contract from being exploited
in that way does not
reach beyond the domain of maritime affairs. We conclude that, so long
as the claim asserted arises out of a maritime contract, the admiralty
court has jurisdiction over it. (057)
The philosophy of indebitatus assumpsit is, indeed, not wholly foreign
to admiralty. Analogous conceptions of rights based on quasi-contract
are found in admiralty. One who saves property at sea has the right to
an award of salvage, regardless of any agreement between him and the
owner. See Mason v. Ship Blaireau, 2 Cranch 240, 266; The Sabine, 101
U.S. 384, 390; 1 Benedict, supra, 117 et seq. Likewise, where cargo is
jettisoned, the owner becomes entitled to a contribution in general
average from the owners of other cargo which was saved without the aid
of any agreement. See Barnard v. Adams, 10 How. 270, 303-304; Star of
Hope, 9 Wall. 203, 228-230; 1 Benedict, supra, 98. Other examples could
be given. See Chandler, Quasi Contractual Relief [350 U.S. 532, 536] in
Admiralty, 27 Mich. L. Rev. 23 (1928). Rights which admiralty recognizes
as serving the ends of justice are often indistinguishable from ordinary
quasi-contractual rights created to prevent unjust enrichment. How far
the concept of quasi-contracts may be applied in admiralty it is
unnecessary to decide. It is sufficient this day to hold that admiralty
has jurisdiction, even where the libel reads like indebitatus assumpsit
at common law, provided that the unjust enrichment arose as a result of
the breach of a maritime contract. Such is the case here. (058)
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded to the Court of
Appeals for proceedings in conformity with this opinion. (059)
Reversed and remanded. (060)
Footnotes (061)
[Footnote 1] There is also an apparent conflict with Sword Line v.
United States, 228 F.2d 344, 346, decided, after we granted certiorari,
by a different panel of the Second Circuit from the one which sat in the
instant case. (062)
[Footnote 2] The Court in New Jersey Steam Navigation Company v.
Merchants' Bank, 6 How. 344, 392, stated that in determining admiralty
jurisdiction the inquiry is "into the nature and subject-matter of the
contract, - whether it was a maritime contract, and the service a
maritime service, to be performed upon the sea, or upon waters within
the ebb and flow of the
tide. And, again, whether the service was to be substantially performed
upon the sea, or tide-waters, although it had commenced and had
terminated beyond the reach of the tide; if it was, then jurisdiction
has always been maintained." (063)
[Footnote 3] And see Israel v. Moore & McCormack Co., 295 F. 919; Home
Ins. Co. v. Merchants' Transp. Co., 16 F.2d 372; Silva v. Bankers
Commercial Corp., 163 F.2d 602. [350 U.S. 532, 537] (064)
The following is the case cited above that bears importance on the
fiction and how you are compelled to pay an income tax for your contract
with the government. It is based on a level of a dollar amount which is
the possession and use of a federal Reserve Note which is a debt you had
and received in a transfer to which you are to pay back a portion for
the use of the notes. This is based on the promise to follow all the
rules and regs as a citizen of, resident therein of the contract, by
implied consent for accepting the artificial character of individual,
which is a word definition defining person in statute that is the
subject of liability. When reading the following replace
"stockholder"/"members" with citizen/person/ resident and "corporation"
with State or United States. (065)
Thomas v. Matthiessen, 232 U.S. 221, 235.
There remains only the question whether the liability is of a kind that
will be enforced outside of the California courts. Analysis on this
point often is blurred by the vague statement that the liability is
'contractual.' An obligation to pay money generally is enforced by an
action of assumpsit, and to that extent is referred to a contract, even
though it be one existing only by fiction of law. But such obligations
when imposed upon the members of a corporation may very very largely.
The incorporation may create a chartered partnership the members of
which are primary contractors, or it may go no farther than to impose a
penalty; or again, it may create a secondary remedy for a debt treated
as that of the corporation alone, like the right to attach the
corporation's real estate; or the liability may be inseparable from the
local procedure; or the law may be so ambiguous as to leave it doubtful
whether the liability is matter of remedy, and local, or creates a
contract on the part of the members that will go with them wherever they
are found McClaine v. Rankin, 197 U.S. 154, 161 49 L. ed. 702, 705, 25
Sup. Ct. Rep. 410, 3 Ann. Cas. 500; Christopher v. Norvell, 201 U.S.
216, 225, 226 S., 50 L. ed. 732, 736, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 502, 5 Ann. Cas.
740. In the present case we think that there can be no doubt of the
meaning of the California statute. It reads: 'Each stockholder of a
corporation is individually and personally liable for such proportion of
its debts and liabilities,' etc., as we have stated, and supposes the
action against him to be brought 'upon such debt.' Civil Code, 322. This
means that by force of the statute, if the corporation incurs a debt
within the juris- [232 U.S. 221, 236] diction, the stockholder is a
party to it, and joins in the contract in the proportion of his shares. (066)
Now, I hope you are ready to understand what you have read. All statutes
are written for persons, residents, individuals and are premised on one
thing, citizenship. Citizenship means you are a member of the corporate
body politic of the state or federal government. So go ahead and call
yourself a citizen of so and so state and you immediately become a
"stockholder" of that State and assume all its debts. Plus the fact that
the State you claim citizenship in is a "political subdivision" of the
United States. Since all States are corporations and have joined the
parent corporation, The United States, you are bound to a contract as
stated in the cases above. Now you have ASSUMED the character of a
FICTION OF LAW, namely that of a person, to which all statutes apply.
Now in the definition of person the word INDIVIDUAL describes person in
26 USC 7701 (a) (1). In my books, The New History of America and Which
One Are You. I used two cases wherein the Judges stated that the
defendants did not dispute that they were NOT United States citizens so
they were taxpayers. Why people did not pick up on this is because there
is very little logical thinking minds anymore to deduce the obvious. (067)
Here is how you become part of a contract, that all talk about existing,
but no one can figure out where this contract is, to promise to pay the
debt of the State and United States. As the above cases states, it is
where ever the person (stockholder/member) is that the jurisdiction
follows. That is why the IRS can go into a State contrary to what you
all believe that they can not. Oh yes they can, and you did it to
yourself when using a fiction of law and they came right back on that
fiction of law and nailed you with your own actions which you cannot
shake no matter how hard you try. They even went to Mexico to get the
person, and when you now read Cook v Tate, it will become so clear that
you will wonder why you did not see it before. You did not see it before
because you did not have this information before you to digest. (068)
Here is how they did it and looking back to the cases above it should be
evident to you. (069)
You are born a MAN, not a person, or individual. God created MAN. Did
God create person, individual or citizen? No statutes are written with
Man in them, only person. For only artificial entities can go after
other artificial entities, they cannot attack MAN. Read "PERSON" article
written on www.atgpress.com/ <http://www.atgpress.com/> for further
clarification. The constitution is for members only, the States, not
people. People cannot join the Union. To prove it try to join the Union.
States are corporations. People, MAN, can become a member of a State by
registering to vote or taking an oath to support that contract called a
constitution. Once doing that you are a stockholder and therefore a
citizen of that state. Citizen is an artificial character and a Fiction
of Law. The statutes of contract are geared toward person which is
artificial in character. Now that you have claimed citizenship of a
State, you are deemed by the Courts as a person of artificial character.
Artificial characters have no constitutional protections and are in the
same class as other artificial entities (corporations). To prove this
look at the words that define person in 26 U.S.C. 7701 (a) (1) which are
individual, corporation, association, partnership, trust, estate, and
company, all being artificial entities. Being this is so,your part of
the debt of the government is predicated on the membership (read in the
case above), wherever you might be. The debt the State has to the United
States, as a Union member, is transferred to all its members to pay a
federal income tax. So it matters not where you are the IRS can go into
the state, any state, and has jurisdiction because you are a "person"
described in the statutes who is resident in their political
subdivision, the state. (070)
So you are taken into court and claim that you are a sovereign citizen.
Remember "citizen" is an artificial entity, a Fiction of Law. "Citizen"
is not natural. So the court notes you, by your own admission, are a
"member" of the body politic and proceeds on that Fiction of Law. You
argue you are not the person liable because the statutes do not define
the activity that makes you liable. The fact of the matter is, is that
you are the "person" in the statute and the taxpayer in 7701 (a) (14).
The person is what makes you liable, not so much the activity. So as was
posted in the Cooper case on the internet, that everyone wants to
believe that the use of the post office makes for dual citizenship is
totally wrong. Dual citizenship is predicated on the fact you are a
"member" of a political subdivision (State)of the United States, ergo
have dual citizenship for taxation as you are responsible for the debts
of both corporations, the State and the United States. So you are an
"individual" required to file an individual income tax form. I include
an excerpt from The New History of America that proves the point. (071)
U.S. v Slater, 82-2 USTC 9571 (072)
"There is a tax imposed, in 26 U.S.C. Sec. 1, on the income of `every
individual.' No provision exists in the tax code exempting from taxation
persons who, like Slater, characterize themselves as somehow standing
apart from the American polity, and the defendant cites no authority
supporting his position. Slater's protestations to the effect that he
derives no benefit from the United States government have no bearing on
his legal obligation to pay income taxes. (cites omitted) Unless the
defendant can establish that he is NOT a citizen of the United States,
the IRS possesses authority to attempt to determine his federal tax
liability." (073)
Notice the last sentence, and also, they can only attempt on a U.S.
citizen. Now to the other case which is an Appeal in the Seventh Circuit
and she lost; (074)
Rachel Templeton v Internal Revenue Service, 86-1363 on appeal from 85 C
457. (075)
"Finally, we address Templeton's second argument in which she claims
that she is not a 'person liable' or a 'taxpayer', as those terms are
defined by the Internal Revenue Code and the relevant case law, and as a
result that the provisions of section 6103 do not apply in her case. We
agree with the district court that this claim is patently frivolous. As
Templeton does NOT dispute that she is a citizen of the United States,
and because the Code imposes an income tax on `every individual who is a
citizen or resident of the United States,' 26 C.F.R. Sec. 1.1-(1) (a)
(1985), it would clearly contradict the 'plain meaning' of the term to
conclude that Congress did not intend that Templeton be considered a
'taxpayer' as the term is used throughout the Code." (076)
In both cases the people claimed to be citizens of (belonging to) the
United States, so the tribunals were absolutely right in their
determinations because they fell under 26 Sec. 1 in USC and CFR. Most
certainly they consented to the jurisdiction in question. Argue against
their codes as mightily as you want, it matters not. They joined the
insurance club as Spooner stated, didn't they? (077)
END OF EXCERPT. (078)
I don't know how much plainer it can get. That is why I published the
fact that "in law" person, resident, and individual are all artificial
entities. They are working a fiction of law because you fell right into
legal terminology while NOT, in your mind, thinking the "legal"
definitions applied to these terms. You helped put the nail in your own
coffin so to speak, by helping the fiction of law prevail against you.
So all the law that you use as a defense is for naught. As evidenced
from the Slater and Templeton case, this is exactly what has happened
all across this country in every court case before that time, (look at
the Cook v Tate Case) and every case after that. Now you can appreciate
why you lose by this definition statement to wit; (079)
" a fiction is defined as a false averment on the part of the Plaintiff
which the defendant is not allowed to traverse, the object being to give
the court jurisdiction. Black's Law Dictionary 3rd Ed. (1969) Pg. 468;
In the case of "Willful failure to File," the Plaintiff and court
invents the "fiction" that defendant is a "taxpayer", A.K.A. "Person."
Motions and briefs which rely on precepts of law will thereafter be
denied or found frivolous." (080)
Now, this is not a false averment on the Plaintiff because YOU created
the fiction of law either by your actions, or inactions in denying that,
you are a registered voter; a resident of a State; a person, a
individual; a member of a State; a citizen of a State; a United States
citizen; that your constitution is designed to protect you, OR, claiming
that you are a sovereign citizen. Use any of these and you, not them,
are operating a fiction of law. Do you think they are going to tell you
all these things? NO! (081)
So let me play devil's advocate. If you are a "Sovereign citizen" and
claim they are your servants, you are supposed to know all the law that
your servants are to use and you would not use any of the terms listed
in the above paragraph. So why do you use those terms? Using these terms
proves that sovereign citizen is truly an oxymoron as I have always
stated. The reason is, sovereign is the opposite of citizen. This is
what the masses and the most educated so called "patriot" cannot fathom
because of the fraud and deceit placed upon you since childhood. You
carry the fraud with you to your grave and in doing so pass it on to
your children so everyone believes there is this thing called sovereign
citizen. Why people cannot think for themselves is beyond me. All one
has to do is research the word citizen to see he is under a legal
disability, while Sovereign is not under any legal disability. The
equivalent, respectively, are prose/pro per and sui juris. Legal terms
are not common terms and are drafted to deceive. (082)
So who is working a fiction of law that will never allow you to prevail?
It is not the government. It is you. The government courts are only
following the law and what you say. Place yourself as the judge and you
know the "legal terms" that apply in court. You are bound by oath to
give justice. A man comes before you and claims he is a "person", only
not one liable to pay a income tax. He also claims he is a sovereign
citizen of the State of So & So. He brings in the argument that there is
no statute stating he is required to file an income tax form or pay a
tax. Knowing he has just stated Fictions of law, you have to rule by the
law. The law says person liable. He stated he was a person. Since this
"person" has received a transfer over a certain sum of debt obligations,
he, is made liable for the use and transfer of these debt obligations,
see 'Use and Transfer' and 'Is this what makes you liable', on
atgpress.com. This man did all the work for you in presenting all the
fictions of Law to convict him. You, as a judge cannot rule against the
law. See my point? Well this concludes another facet of our problem. Not
one single argument will win, but this is as close as you are going to
get. All the articles on www.atgpress.com/ <http://www.atgpress.com/>
dovetail to make a neat package. I give this freely so that YOU, and no
one else, can make the decision that I am lying or telling the truth. As
I say, check my information out and everyone that states it is wrong.
Leave no stone unturned, as you are the one that suffers, not us. (083)
Sincerely, (084)
The Informer (085)
Henry K van Eyken wrote: (086)
>We bandy about the word "democracy" a lot, blissfully unaware of the
>fact that it comes in many flavors. And qualities. A new book reviewed
>by The Economist claims that "democracy and liberty are not the same;
>that policymakers and the public overlook institutions and patterns of
>behaviour that embody liberty, while exaggerating the virtues of those
>that build democracy; and—most important—that democracy has spread so
>far that it is now eroding liberty."
>
>http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=1621699
>
>And on another front is the looming world water shortage,
>
>http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1621254
>
>Quoting from this article, "But the United Nations complains, in a
>report published this week, that most of the promises of action made at
>such gatherings go unfulfilled and that politicians do not take the
>issue seriously enough."
>
>Just two issues here, one concerning our spiritual needs and another our
>bodily needs, out of hundreds. Clearly, one can't stay abreast of
>important strains of thought in an ever-complexing society without the
>assistance of digital tools. Which brings up the question, what kind(s)
>of digital tools? And what changes will they permit in the manner of
>developing our thoughts and human-values-oriented discussions?
>
>And on the subject of values, prominent among the arguments for war
>against Saddam is the concern for the Iraqi people now suffering under
>his yoke. And then, suddenly, we learn that British foreign minister
>Jack Straw is quite content to leave the Iraqi regime in place as long
>as the country rids itself of its WMD. How sickening the cynicism that
>abounds.
>
>H.
>
>
>
>
> (087)